On 1 October, Tokaido Shinkansen marks the 60th anniversary. The first high-speed rail in history opened in 1964, and it is still the most heavily used railway in the world. The bullet train network has expanded in the last 60 years in Japan as well, and there are ten lines in total including so-called mini Shinkansen. This article looks back upon present and past "named" services.
Currently, each line has one or more types of services, depending on destination and speed. There are 19 services in total as follows:
In addition to them, there were a few services that were discontinued in the past, all of which were in eastern Japan.
Aoba
Aoba was introduced when Tohoku Shinkansen opened in 1982. This name derived from Aoba Hills in Sendai city, where Sendai Castle located and later became part of Tohoku University. At that time, there were only Yamabiko fast services and Aoba calling at all stations. 200 series trains were mostly used for them, but a few double-decker trains ran as MAX Aoba.
Aoba dramatically declined when JR East started Nasuno services in 1995, which aimed to attract commuters going to Tokyo. Nasuno calls at all stations as well, but JR East chose not to use the name Aoba as Nasuno does not run as far as Sendai. In 1997, Aoba was discontinued.
Asahi
Asahi was introduced to Joetsu Shinkansen when it opened in 1982. Asahi literally meant "the morning sun", and it was initially used for fast services towards Niigata. In 1997, JR East dramatically rearranged the service patterns, and all services between Tokyo and Niigata were called Asahi regardless of the number of stations they stop. 200 series was used for ordinary Asahi, while double-decker trains were used for MAX Asahi.
However, many passengers filed complaints as they frequently confused Asahi with Asama (Tokyo - Nagano). In fact, Asahi and Asama ran the same tracks between Tokyo and Takasaki, and their pronunciations were similar to each other. Not only passengers but also ticket office staff struggled with these names so that the company changed Asahi to Toki in 2002.
MAX services
MAX stood for Multi Amenity eXpress. JR East introduced two types of double-decker bullet trains in the 1990s and 2000s, namely E1 series and E4 series. These trains could run merely at a speed of 240 km/h (150 mph) but could carry far more passengers than other bullet trains. A 16-car E4 series service could carry 1,634 people, the largest among all high-speed trains in the world.
There were seven MAX services as follows.
| MAX Aoba | Tokyo ⇔ Sendai | 1994-2007 |
|---|---|---|
| MAX Asahi | Tokyo ⇔ Niigata | 1994-2002 |
| MAX Asama | Karuizawa ⇒ Tokyo | 2001-2003 |
| MAX Nasuno | Tokyo ⇒ Nasushiobara | 1995-2012 |
| MAX Tanigawa | Tokyo ⇔ Echigo-Yuzawa | 1994-2021 |
| MAX Toki | Tokyo ⇔ Niigata | 2002-2021 |
| MAX Yamabiko | Tokyo ⇔ Morioka | 1994-2012 |
MAX Asama is the least known one among all MAX services. It ran during high seasons (mostly summer holidays) between July 2001 and September 2003, only from Karuizawa to Tokyo. The double-decker trains were heavier than other bullet trains so that they generally could not run steep gradient between Takasaki and Karuizawa on Nagano Shinkansen (now Hokuriku Shinkansen), but four out of 26 E4-series units were compatible with the line. Nevertheless, MAX Asama did not last long as JR East later feared that the train would be too heavy to climb the mountain when it was full of passengers so that there had only been few services from Karuizawa.
MAX allowed far more people than before to take the bullet trains. Passengers used to dress up until the 1980s, but the double-decker trains made the journey relatively cheaper so that commuters and students started using the bullet trains. In other words, the E1 and E4 series contributed to make Shinkansen, once recognised by citizens as luxurious or for elite, a casual mode of transport.
However, these double-decker trains were so slow and uncomfortable that JR East decided not to make a successor train to them. When the E4 series retired in 2021, the MAX brand was discontinued as well.
Finally, this article focuses on a service that is likely to disappear in the near future, Hayate. It means a (sudden) high wind, but it also implied a turbulent weather that potentially causes famine or infectious diseases in the region so that it was highly controversial. Hayate was introduced in 2002 when Tohoku Shinkansen was extended to Hachinohe, and it was once the fastest service running between Tokyo and Hachinohe by E2 series, running at 275 km/h (170 mph) and mostly non-stop between Omiya and Sendai.
However, when the line was extended again to Shin-Aomori and E5 series entered into service in 2011, JR East introduced much faster and more expensive Hayabusa service that runs at 320 km/h (200 mph). As more E5 series trains were delivered, Hayate significantly declined. It was a type of semi-fast service in the first half of the 2010s, but all regular Hayate to and from Tokyo were upgraded to Hayabusa by 2019.
Today, there are only two Hayate on each direction between Morioka or Shin-Aomori and Shin-Hakodate-Hokuto, all of which run either in the morning or at night. Most people must have forgotten that Hayate was once running at the highest speed between Tokyo and the Northeast region. It is hard to find reasons to have Hayate in such an inefficient way today so that it is likely to be discontinued within a few years.
